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The soul of a digital camera is its sensor—to determine image size, resolution, low-light performance, depth of field, dynamic range, lenses, and even the camera’s physical size, the sensor is key.An image sensor is a solid-state device, the part of the camera’s hardware that captures light and converts what you see through a viewfinder or LCD monitor into an image. Think of the sensor as the electronic equivalent of film.
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With film cameras, you could choose from hundreds of film brands, each with its own unique and identifiable characteristics. With digital cameras, much of that technology is built into the hardware, and you can apply special filmlike effects later with software.Your camera’s sensor determines how good your images look and how large you can scale them or print them. Image quality depends not only on the size of the sensor, but also on how many millions of pixels (light-sensitive photosites) fit on it, and the size of those pixels.The sensor size also affects what you see through the viewfinder—the relationship between what you’re shooting and what actually gets recorded in the frame and passed through to the memory card. Smaller sensors apply a crop factor to lenses, capturing less of the scene than full-frame sensors do. The full-frame reference point is always traditional 35mm film.Confused yet?
Even if you don’t know a CCD from a CMOS from a Four Thirds from an APS-C, this guide breaks down that intimidating alphabet soup and walks you through the sensors you’re likely to encounter. Canon Canon APS-C sensor Sensor typesThe most common types of sensors are CCD (charged coupled device) and CMOS (complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor).CCD is one of the oldest image-capture technologies for digital cameras and has long offered superior image quality compared with CMOS sensors, with better dynamic range and noise control. Although CCD is still prevalent in budget compact models, its basic construction and greater power consumption have for the large part prompted camera manufacturers to replace it with CMOS alternatives.CMOS has been considered an inferior competitor to CCD, but today’s CMOS sensors have been upgraded to match and even transcend the CCD standard. With more built-in functionality than CCDs, CMOS sensors work more efficiently, require less power, and perform better for high-speed burst modes.The newer Foveon X3 sensor, based on CMOS technology, is used only in Sigma’s compact cameras and DSLRs. Live MOS is a brand name for image sensors that Leica, Olympus, and Panasonic use in the Four Thirds System DSLRs that they’ve been manufacturing since 2006. These sensors reportedly offer CCD image quality with the lower power consumption of a CMOS. Sensor sizes The Nikon D610 has a full-frame sensor.Full frame (36mm by 24mm): The largest sensor size is called full frame, as it is the same as a frame of 35mm film. Full-frame sensors are almost twice as big as APS-C sensors.
Hefty pro-level beasts such as the, the, and the have full-frame sensors. However, over the past year, smaller fixed-lens cameras such as the have also featured full-frame sensors. The, a DSLR-like camera that has a fixed translucent mirror as opposed to one that flips back to capture a shot, is also a full-frame model.With full-frame sensors, you have no crop factor, so what you see through the viewfinder is what you shoot.